어긋나는데 달걀꼴 또는 넓은 댓잎피침형으로서 양 끝이 빠르게 좁아지고 가장자리에 안으로 굽은 잔톱니가 있다. 앞면에는 털이 없지만 뒷면 맥 위에는 털이 있다. 잎자루는 짧다.
꽃
5~6월에 묵은 가지에서 총상 꽃차례로 달려 피는데 2~3개의 엷은 홍색 또는 흰색의 오판화가 잎겨드랑이에서 나와 밑으로 처진다. 꽃받침은 5개로 갈라진다. 꽃부리는 통 모양으로 생겼으며 끝이 얕게 5개로 갈라진다. 수술은 5개이고 수술대에는 털이 있다.
열매
산앵두나무 (이스라지)의 열매
9월에 둥근 장과가 달려 붉게 익는데 끝에 꽃받침 조각이 남아 있다.
특징 및 사용 방법
당체(棠棣)·산앵두·천금등(千金藤)·산이스랏나무·산앵도나무라고도 한다. 어린가지에 털이 있다. 관상용·식용·약용으로 이용된다. 관상용으로 흔히 정원에 심으며 열매는 산앵두·산이스랏·욱리·울리(鬱李)·작매(雀梅)라 하여 식용한다. 씨를 욱리인, 뿌리껍질을 욱리근피(郁李根皮)라고 한다. 약으로 쓸 때는 주로 탕으로 하여 사용하며, 술을 담가서도 쓴다.
1960년대에 크게 유행했던 노래「앵두나무 처녀」이다. 그 시대를 반영하듯 고향을 떠나 서울로 가는 젊은이들을 노래했다.
잘 익은 앵두는 열매의 속이 들여다보일 듯 맑고 붉다. 만지면 톡 터질 것 같은 보드라운 감촉으로 사람들은 여인의 입술을 앵두에 비유하기도 했다.
앵두는 5월 중순경에 붉게 익어 새콤달콤한 맛이 나는 과일이다. 고려 때부터 제사에 공물로 쓰였으며 앵도의 원산지는 중국 화북지방으로 알려진다. 동국이상국집(東國李相國集)에 씌어져 있는 것으로 보아 우리나라에는 고려시대에 들어온 것으로 추정된다.
앵두나무는 장미과(Rosaceae)에 속하는 낙엽관목이다. 키는 3m에 달하며 가지가 많이 갈라진다. 잎은 어긋나며 잎 가장자리에는 작은 톱니가 있고 잎의 앞뒷면에 털이 나 있다.
꽃은 잎이 나오기 전에 1~2송이씩 흰색 또는 연한 붉은색으로 핀다. 꽃잎과 꽃받침은 각각 5장이다. 열매는 5~6월에 구슬 모양으로 붉게 익는다. 과일도 맛있지만 보석처럼 아름다운 열매를 보기 위해서도 정원에 많이 심는다.
앵두는 일반적으로 열매를 그대로 먹거나 화채를 만들어 먹는다. 또한 앵두로 술을 담그기도 한다. 앵두로 담근 술은 선홍색으로 식욕을 돋워 주며 피로를 풀어 준다고 한다.
앵두나무의 사촌인 산앵두나무가 있다. 우리나라 산앵두나무(Vaccinium koreanum)는 산에서 자란다. 앵두나무가 마을에서 자라듯 산앵두나무는 높은 산에서 자란다.
산앵두나무는 중국에서 들여온 앵두나무와 달리 우리나라에 산지에 자생하는 토종 나무이다. 산앵두나무는 앵두나무와 달리 진달래과(Ericaceae)에 속하는 낙엽관목이다. 이름은 비슷하지만 꽃과 나무의 형태는 앵두나무와 전혀 다르다. 산앵두나무의 잎과 줄기는 진달래와 유사하다.
꽃은 5~6월경에 붉은 빛이 감도는 흰색 또는 미색으로 핀다. 꽃은 새끼 손톱만한 종(鐘)을 거꾸로 매달아놓은 것처럼 핀다.
산앵두나무는 해발 1000m이상의 비교적 높은 산지에서 자란다. 나무의 높이는 1m 정도로 작은 편이며 가지가 많고 어린 가지에는 털이 있다. 어긋나는 잎은 넓은 피침형으로 뒷면에 털이 있다.
산앵두나무 열매는 가을에 붉게 익는다. 열매 또한 거꾸로 매달아 놓은 종처럼 달린다. 산앵두나무와 앵두나무의 형태는 전혀 다르나 열매가 앵두처럼 생겨서 산앵두나무라는 이름이 붙었다. 열매는 앵두처럼 맛이 좋은데 그 맛은 달콤새콤하다.
산앵두나무가 자라는 곳은 지리산, 소백산, 설악산 등의 고산지대이다. 산을 힘겹게 오르다 산앵두나무를 만나면 말없이 반갑다. 잠시 발걸음을 멈춰 붉게 익은 산앵두를 보는 것만으로도 흐뭇하다. 더러는 잘 익은 산앵도 몇 개 따서 일행에게 건네는 것도 좋다.
산앵두나무를 정원수로 기르면 어떨까? 영산홍처럼 무더기로 화단에 가꾸면 어떨까? 꽃보다 아름다운 열매를 보는 것도 행복한 일이다. 어디 한번 시도해 볼만한 일이라고 생각한다.
북반구 전체에 널리 분포하며 열대 산악지역을 따라 남쪽까지 퍼져 있다. 곧추 서거나 기면서 자라며 어긋나는 잎은 낙엽이 지거나 늘푸르다. 작은 꽃은 에리카속의 꽃들과 비슷하지만 씨방은 꽃밑부분에 달린다. 꽃은 원줄기나 잎이 달리는 줄기 사이의 잎겨드랑이에 무리지어 피거나 1송이씩 핀다. 장과는 보통 먹을 수 있다.
이 속 식물 중 40여 종 이상이 북아메리카에서 자라는데 특히 북부지역과 산악지역에서 잘 나타난다. 바키니움 코림보숨과 다른 블루베리 종들은 미국 동부지역과 캐나다 근처에서 자란다. 월귤은 영어로 레드 워틀베리(red whortleberry) 또는 마운틴 크랜베리(mountain cranberry)라고도 하는데 캐나다 북부지방에서 자란다. 로키 산맥 지대에서 자라는 것도 있으며, 바키니움 오키덴탈레, 바키니움 파르비폴리움, 바키니움 오바툼 등을 포함한 10여 종 이상은 태평양 연안 주(州)에서 볼 수 있다.
영국에는 바키니움 미르틸루스·들쭉나무·넌출월귤·월귤 등 4종이 자라며 유럽·아시아·북아메리카 등에도 널리 퍼져 있다(→ 넌출월귤, 블루베리, 빌베리).
우리나라에는 8종의 산앵두나무속 식물이 있다. 이중 산매자나무는 낙엽성으로 한라산에서만, 애기월귤과 넌출월귤은 상록성으로 북한의 높은 산에서만, 모새나무는 상록성으로 흑산도 이남의 따뜻한 곳에서만 자란다. 산앵두나무는 한국에서만 자라는 종류로 정금나무와 함께 전국 곳곳에서 자라고 있으며, 들쭉나무는 한라산과 강원도 이북에서만, 월귤은 금강산 이북지방에서 자란다.
10과(科) 135속(屬) 2,700여 종(種)으로 이루어져 있으며 주로 관목과 소교목으로 세계의 모든 지역에 분포하는데, 많은 개체와 종이 열대와 아북극 지역에 집중되어 있다.
이 목에는 진달래류·만병초류·히스류 등이 속한다. 이 목의 가장 일반적인 특징은 밑씨에 1층으로 된 주피(珠皮)가 있는 점으로, 주피는 씨껍질이 될 밑씨의 바깥층이다. 예외는 있으나 관목인 점, 가죽질의 홑잎이 달리는 점, 암수 생식기관이 같은 꽃에 달리는 갖춘꽃인 점, 4개의 꽃가루가 모여 하나의 꽃가루처럼 되어 있는 점 등도 일반적인 특징이다.
이 목의 많은 식물은 늪이나 모래가 많은 토탄질 토양에서 가장 잘 자라는데, 암석정원에 이식할 때는 물이 잘 빠지고 유기물질이 많은 습한 토양이 좋다. 만병초류와 진달래과(Ericaceae)의 많은 식물은 점토나 석회질 토양에서는 잘 자라지 못한다.
진달래과는 산맥을 따라 열대지방을 거쳐 아북극 지역까지 퍼져 널리 분포한다.
이 목에서 가장 중요한 과로 80속 1,900종으로 이루어져 있는데, 40속 이상이 재배되고 있다. 진달래 종류를 포함한 진달래속(Rhododendron)의 800종 가운데 적어도 377종이 가치있게 여겨지는데 이들은 식물계에서 가장 많이 선택되는 활엽상록수에 속한다. 아름답고 다양한 색을 가지는 많은 히말라야산 종이 지금은 훨씬 따뜻한 온대지역에서 자라고 있다. 깔때기 모양의 꽃을 피우는 진달래류는, 종 모양의 꽃을 피우고 늘푸른 잎을 가지며 보다 키가 큰 만병초류와 쉽게 구별이 되기는 하지만 꽃과 영양기관 분석만으로는 두 무리를 명확하게 구별하기가 어렵다.
진달래류의 분류체계는 고정되어 있는데 진달래속을 8아속(亞屬) 17절(節)로 분류한다. 다른 관상용 속으로는 칼루나속·에리카속·칼미아속·피에리스속(Pieris) 등이 속한다.
산앵두나무속(Vaccinium)의 원예품종은 바키니움 코림보숨(V. corymbosum)과 바키니움 아스헤이(V. ashei)로부터 많이 만들어졌는데 미국 동부에서 산업적으로 재배되고 있다.
뉴잉글랜드와 캐나다 해안지역에서 자라는 키가 작은 블루베리는 비옥한 섬의 가장자리를 뒤덮고 있다. 겨울에 주기적으로 일어나는 화재는 꽃이 피는 줄기의 성장을 촉진하는데 이로 인해 열매가 더 많이 맺힌다. 이 목에 속하는 나머지 9과는 독특한 분포상을 나타내며 다양한 종을 포함한다. 식용 장과를 맺는 키위로 잘 알려진 다래나무과(Actinidiaceae), 야생화 정원과 삼림에 군체를 이루기 적합한 상록성 풀로 이루어진 노루발과(Pyrolaceae), 썩은 유기물에 붙어서 균류의 도움으로 살아가는 부생식물로 이루어진 수정난풀과(Monotropaceae) 등을 들 수 있다.
버섯과 이와 근연인 점균류를 포함한 토양곰팡이의 실처럼 생긴 균사가 수정난풀과와 이 목의 다른 많은 식물의 뿌리를 덮고 있다. 뿌리의 바깥층은 균류와 서로 연결되어 균근으로 변하는데, 숙주식물이 무기염류와 유기물질을 잘 흡수할 수 있게 해주며 곰팡이에게도 이익이 된다. 진달래과가 번식하는 1가지 방법은 블루베리 군락이 각각의 군체로 구성되어 있는 데서 알 수 있다. 모식물에서 뿌리줄기가 퍼져나오다 어느 부위에서 어린 줄기가 올라오면 모식물과 떨어져 독립된 개체로 된다.
그러나 씨에 의한 번식도 진달래목의 주요한 번식 방법이다.
꽃차례는 대개 쭉 뻗은 가지 끝에 무리지어 달리며 가지를 치기도 한다. 많은 과의 종들이 잎겨드랑이에 1송이의 꽃을 피운다. 이 목의 전형적인 꽃의 형태는 꽃받침잎, 흰색 또는 분홍색의 꽃잎, 한 꽃에 달리는 수술과 암술로 되어 있다.
씨방은 상위(上位)로 다른 꽃 기관보다 위에 달린다. 5장의 꽃받침잎은 아래쪽이 융합되어 녹색의 꽃받침으로 되며, 꽃부리를 이루는 5장의 꽃잎은 서로 떨어져 있다. 수술은 10개일 경우 2열로 돌려난다. 암술을 이루는 씨방은 4개의 방으로 나누어져 있는데 각 방에는 많은 밑씨가 들어 있으며, 1개의 암술대와 암술머리가 씨방 위로 나 있다.
한국에는 5과 17속에 속하는 약 40여 종이 있다.
돌매화나무과(Diapensiaceae)에는 키가 가장 작은 나무인 암매가 제주도 한라산 정상에서 자라고 있으며, 시로미과(Empetraceae)에는 시로미 1종이, 매화오리과(Clethraceae)에는 매화오리 1종이, 한라산과 북한의 높은 산에서 자라고 있다(암매). 노루발과에는 5속 10여 종이 자라고 있는데, 상록성인 노루발풀과 매화노루발이 흔히 자란다.
진달래과의 식물로는 진달래와 철쭉을 비롯하여 9속 30여 종이 있는데, 진달래속과 산앵두나무속 식물들이 흔하다.
다른 나라에서는 찾아볼 수 없고 우리나라에서만 자라는 특산식물(또는 고유식물)로는 금강초롱·개느삼·금강인가목·미선나무·모데미풀 등을 비롯해 흔히 자라는 갈사초·회양목·누른종덩굴·매화말발도리·버들회나무·터리풀·개나리·땃두릅나무·금마타리·오동나무·조팝나무·산앵두나무 등 약 400여 종이 있는데, 이들은 독특한 식물자원으로 소중히 보호해야 한다. 외국에서 유입되어 우리나라 곳곳에서 자라는 귀화식물에는 아까시나무를 비롯해 달맞이꽃·독말풀·돼지풀·망초·등심붓꽃 등이 있다. 1980년대 초반에는 약 80종의 귀화식물이 우리나라에 자라고 있었는데, 이 수가 점점 늘어나고 있다.
월귤 (Vaccinium vitis-idaea, 越橘)은 속씨식물인 진달래과의 작은 상록수의 관목으로 과실수를 맺는다. 원산지는 북부 유라시아 대륙과 북미로 온대기후에서 북극에 가까운 기온에서 자란다. 월귤은 대한민국에서도 자라는 것으로 보고되며, 땃들쭉이라고도 부르며, 조선민주주의인민공화국에서는 땅들쭉이라 부른다.
월귤은 영어 문화권에서 '링곤베리(lingonberry)', '카우베리(cowberry)', 혹은 '폭스베리(foxberry)', '마운틴 크랜베리(mountain cranberry)', '로부시 크랜베리(lowbush cranberry)' 등으로 부르며, 캐나다의 뉴펀들랜드 래브라도 주에서는 '파트리지베리(partridgeberry)' 라고 부른다.
SPECIES: Vaccinium vitis-idaea
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Tirmenstein, D. 1991. Vaccinium vitis-idaea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer).
Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [
2017, May 31].
Revisions:
17 September 2013: The Fire Case Study of Zasada and others' [123,124,125]
study was converted to a Research Project Summary.
ABBREVIATION :
VACVIT
SYNONYMS :
NO-ENTRY
SCS PLANT CODE :
VAVI
VAVIM
COMMON NAMES :
mountain cranberry
northern mountain cranberry
lowbush cranberry
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of mountain cranberry is
Vaccinium vitis-idaea Linnaeus (Ericaceae) [6,106,107]. Northern mountain
cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea subsp. minus (Lodd.) Hulten) is the only
recognized subspecies occurring in North America [54].
In some areas, mountain cranberry hybridizes with dwarf bilberry (V.
myrtillus) [1]. A naturally occurring hybrid (V. X intermedium Ruthe.)
has been identified [87].
LIFE FORM :
Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Vaccinium vitis-idaea
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Mountain cranberry is a circumpolar, circumboreal species that occurs
throughout parts of
North America, Eurasia, and Japan [101,106]. The
New World subspecies (ssp. minus) extends from northwestern Greenland
across the Canadian Arctic southward to New England [114]. It grows
westward to the Great Lakes and British Columbia and
reaches islands in
the Bering Sea [42,114]. In North America, mountain cranberry is
restricted to areas north of the glacial
boundary [106]. The subspecies
vitis-idaea occurs throughout northern Europe from Scandinavia to
northern Italy and the
Caucasus, across northern Siberia and Japan
southward into northern China and Korea [42].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES44 Alpine
STATES :
AK CT ME MA MN NH VT WI AB BC
LB MB NB NF NT NS on PE PQ SK
YT
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
None
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K094
Conifer bog
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K096 Northeastern spruce - fir forest
K106 Northern hardwoods
K107
SPECIES: Vaccinium vitis-idaea
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Browse: Mountain cranberry browse is readily eaten by barren-ground
caribou, black bear, moose, arctic hare, and snowshoe hare [38,42]. In
parts of Alaska, it is an important if not key moose browse [3].
Utilization by moose is typically heaviest when available browse is
limited and when light snow accumulations allow the animals to reach the
plants easily [93]. on the Kenai Peninsula, it may comprise up to 25
percent of winter moose diets. Moose may dig through 20 inches (50 cm)
of snow to feed on the foliage, but if winter snow depths are excessive,
the animals rarely expend the energy necessary to reach the plants [77].
Generally, moose eat only trace amounts of mountain cranberry during the
summer [10,77].
In some parts of Canada, mountain cranberry browse is a primary food of
barren-ground caribou [73]. The evergreen leaves are an important item
in the winter diet [38]. In the Mackenzie District of northwestern
Saskatchewan, leaves of mountain cranberry and bog blueberry (V.
uliginosum) accounted for 21.5 percent of the barren-ground caribou
winter diet but only 3.8 percent of the summer diet [38]. However, in
some areas, caribou continue to feed heavily on mountain cranberry
browse throughout the summer [111].
In Newfoundland, snowshoe hares often consume large amounts of shoots
during the winter [38]. Where snow depths prohibit winter use, hares
may feed on leaves made available by melting snows. Seasonal percent
composition of leaves of mountain cranberry and bog blueberry in the
diet of snowshoe hares in Newfoundland was as follows [118]:
winter April May summer fall
0.3 17.4 9.3 6.6 10.9
Mountain cranberry browse is of little value to domestic livestock but
provides some winter browse for reindeer [23,73]. It is not eaten by
domestic sheep if more preferred forage is available [88].
Fruit: Berries of mountain cranberry are an important food source for
many species of birds and mammals. Many wildlife species feed on fruit
left on the ground from the previous year [38,55]. Berries are an
important spruce grouse food during spring, summer, and fall. Berries
persisting from the previous year are eaten from late spring through
early August. In interior Alaska, percent volume use of mountain
cranberry by spruce grouse was 37.6 in July and August, 40.1 in
September, and 17.3 in September [29].
In many areas, berries are an essential food source for birds migrating
northward in the spring [38,55]. The common raven, ring-necked
pheasant, rock ptarmigan, sea gulls, geese, grouse, partridges, and many
species of songbirds, such as the scarlet tanager, eastern bluebird, and
thrushes, readily consume mountain cranberry fruit [38,42,88]. Fruit of
Vacciniums are readily eaten by the northern mockingbird, rufous-sided
towhee, gray catbird, American robin, brown thrasher, ruffed grouse,
spruce grouse, whimbrel, herring gull, and Canada goose [72,105,106].
The red-backed vole eats large quantities of mountain cranberry fruit
during the fall. Berries are a primary winter food source as well; the
rodents burrow under snow to reach the persistent fruit [117]. The red
fox also consumes large amounts of fruit during late fall [38].
Mountain cranberry fruit is an important black bear food in many areas
but is of particular importance in Alaska [40]. Berries remain on the
plant over winter, and black bears begin feeding on berries during the
early spring as soon as the snow has melted [38,40]. Fruit again
assumes importance in black bear diets during the fall [40]. Many other
mammals, including the polar bear, eastern chipmunk, and white-footed
mouse, also feed on the fruit of mountain cranberry [38,55]. Fruits of
many Vacciniums are readily eaten by species such as the red squirrel,
gray fox, skunks, and chipmunks [72,106].
PALATABILITY :
Mountain cranberry browse is at least seasonally palatable to many
species of mammals including the barren-ground caribou, snowshoe and
arctic hares, and moose. Berries are readily eaten by a variety of
birds and mammals. Palatability of the fruit increases over winter
[99].
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
Browse: Nutrient content of browse varies according to factors such as
soils, phenological development, and proximity to smelters [42,45,95].
Calcium, manganese, aluminum, silver, lead, and boron tend to accumulate
in plant tissue even at low soil levels [42]. Food value peaks in
summer [38]. In winter, acid-detergent, fiber, and lignin content
increase but levels of magnesium, zinc, manganese, calcium, potassium,
sodium, copper, and iron decline. Protein content remains relatively
constant throughout the year at 5 to 6 percent [77]. Energy content has
been estimated at 509 kcal/100 g [73]. Nutritional value of browse from
the Kenai Peninsula of Alaska was documented as follows [77]:
August February
Protein (%) 5.7 5.4
Ca (ppm) 4920.0 26.7
Mg (ppm) 1328.0 4.6
K (ppm) 438.3 29.8
Na (ppm) 55.0 22.8
Cu (ppm) 5.8 0.2
Fe (ppm) 51.3 3.2
Mg (ppm) 17.6 1.9
Zn (ppm) 8.3 0.3
Fruit: Berries are high in tannins and anthocyanins. The caloric
content is moderate [38].
COVER VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Potential rehabilitation value of mountain cranberry has not been well
documented. Plants are able to survive on extremely harsh sites, and
some rehabilitation potential is possible. on the Arctic Coastal Plain,
sprouts have been observed on and under debris left from oil exploration
activities [28].
Mountain cranberry can be readily propagated from seed and stem or
rhizome cuttings [32,42]. Meristem propagation techniques have also
been described [101]. Stem cuttings root easily if planted in the
spring or early fall but exhibit slow rhizome development and poor
subsequent vegetative spread [32]. Clumps of wild mountain cranberry
can be divided and transplanted onto disturbed sites [42]. Survival of
these transplants is variable, ranging from 30 to 90 percent [32].
Propagation techniques have been examined in detail [25,32,42,61,63].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Mountain cranberry fruit can be eaten raw or cooked to make a tart sauce
[6,99]. Berries are used to make preserves, jam, jelly, candy, syrup,
pickles, juice beverages, and wine [42,47]. Fruit can be added to rose
hips to make a tasty jelly [38], or added to various ice cream products
[42]. In some areas, berry-picking is an important recreational
activity [59]. Fruit is widely processed and marketed in Japan and
Europe [42] and is harvested commercially in parts of Alaska,
Scandinavia, Russia, and Canada [42,43]. Considerable amounts of
fruit are imported into the United States annually [11]. Much of this
imported fruit is consumed by peoples of Scandinavian descent who use
the so-called "Swedish lingenberry" in traditional dishes [6]. Mountain
cranberry has the potential for more extensive commercial development
[15,37,74]. Some native stands could be managed with a minimum of
cultivation, as are those of low sweet blueberry [74]. The
feasibility of expanded commercial operations is currently being tested
in parts of North America [42].
Many Native Americans and indigenous peoples of Eurasia used the leaves
and fruit of mountain cranberry as food or medicine [57,106].
Preparations made from the leaves were used to treat bladder problems,
gout, and rheumatism [90]. Medicinal fruit jellies were used to treat
sore throats and colds [106]. The Slave, Athabaska, Cree, and Inuit
people ate the fruit fresh and preserved them for winter use [38,106].
Berries were often boiled and mixed with oil to facilitate storage for
long periods [106].
Arbutin, which is obtained from the leaves and stems, is used by the
pharmaceutical industry in preparations used to treat intestinal
disorders. Mountain cranberry forms a dense, attractive mat and has
been planted as an ornamental ground cover [24]. It was first
cultivated in 1789 [42]. Mountain cranberry has shown promise for use
in developing hardy fruit-producing cultivars [64].
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Fruit production: Fruit production in mountain cranberry varies widely
according to geographic location, site factors such as shade and soil,
annual weather conditions, and the genetic make-up of the individual
clone [62,63,71,78,81]. Poor fruit production may be due to a lack of
pollinators, cold damp weather during flowering, late spring frosts, or
hail [42,43,57]. Plants growing in the shade rarely produce fruit or
flowers, but plants growing in full sun commonly bear an abundance of
fruit [62]. Some geographic variation in this pattern has been noted.
on dry sunny sites in Alberta, flower bud production may be greatest in
partial shade of aspen (Populus tremuloides) [38]. In the cool, rainy
climates of the Maritime Provinces, flower bud production is typically
best on exposed sites [38]. Kuchko [57] reported poor yields beneath
forest canopy, although yields were often good in adjacent gaps created
by timber harvest.
Fruit yields are generally greater on peat than on mineral soil [63].
Under experimental conditions, plants produced 82 kg/100 m sq on peat
but produced only 14 kg/100 m sq on mineral soil [63]. Temperatures of
30 degrees F (-1.5 degrees C) can kill 50 percent of all flowers, and
exposure to 26 degrees F (-3.5 degrees C) can destroy 50 percent of the
buds and unripe fruit [62]. In harsh arctic environments, only plants
in protected areas, such as on south-facing rock crevices, flower [42].
Maximum yields in cultivated stands may reach 9,140 pounds per acre
(8,150 kg/ha) [38]. Elsewhere, yields may range from 19.5 pounds per
acre (17.4 kg/ha) [51] in Swedish peatlands to 560 pounds per acre (500
kg/ha) in some Finnish forests [38]. Yields are generally highest where
mountain cranberry cover is greatest and competitors are few [71].
Details on fruit yields are available [32,57,81].
Cultivation: Mountain cranberry generally responds more favorably to
fertilizer and irrigation than do other members of the genus [56].
However, the application of fertilizer does not always increase fruit
yields. Comparatively little fertilizer is required for good growth and
development [42]; if too much is added, vegetative growth may be
promoted at the expense of fruit production [101]. Where weeds are a
problem, fertilizer may increase competitors at the expense of mountain
cranberry [62]. Mulches such as milled peat can increase fruit
production in some instances [42]. The effects of mulch, fertilizers,
and irrigation have been examined in detail [32,42,46,53,62,63].
Fruit yields may be increased by various means. Herbicides have been
used to reduce weeds in commercially managed fields of mountain
cranberry [37,63]. Honeybees can be used to supplement native bee
populations when pollinator availability is low [74]. Fruit is
generally harvested by hand [42]. Small comb-sieves or rakes are
commonly used [38,101].
Chemical response: Mountain cranberry is susceptible to herbicides such
as 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T [38]. These herbicides cause browning of stems and
leaves and at high concentrations can kill the plants [38]. The effect
of herbicides has been documented [8,38].
Damage/disease: Plants can be killed by exposure to cold temperatures
in the absence of a protective snow cover [83]. Unacclimated plants can
be killed by exposure to temperatures of 28 degrees F (-2.5 degrees C)
or below;, acclimated plants can survive exposure to temperatures as low
as 8 degrees F (-22 degrees C) [42]. Mountain cranberry is susceptible
to several diseases and insect infestations [38,42].
Environmental considerations: Mountain cranberry growing near smelters
can accumulate high concentrations of heavy metals [95]. Plants growing
near a zinc smelter in Poland exhibited reduced leaf size and other
types of damage [20]. Mountain cranberry can also accumulate a wide
range of radionuclides such as radium-226, lead-210, and uranium [97].
Tests indicate that summer oil spills are more damaging to mountain
cranberry than those that occur in February [38]. Predisturbance cover
of 48 percent was reduced to 0 by a summer crude oil spill. A
low-intensity winter spill reduced cover to 12 percent while a
high-intensity oil winter spill reduced cover to 6 percent [38].
Recovery of mountain cranberry can occur 10 to 15 years after an oil
spill [38].
Timber harvest: After some types of logging treatments in a mature
white spruce (Picea glauca) forest in Alaska, cover and frequency of
mountain cranberry increased fairly rapidly [26].
Biomass: Mountain cranberry biomass is strongly correlated with canopy
cover [44,77]. Maximum dry matter accumulation occurs in full sunlight
[43]. Holloway [42] observed that 80 percent of the total biomass of
mature plants was underground. Biomass has been examined in detail
[38,42,94].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Vaccinium vitis-idaea
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Mountain cranberry is a low, creeping, evergreen subshrub that commonly
reaches 2 to 6 inches (5-15 cm) in height [4,90,114]. It typically
grows in dense rhizomatous colonies and frequently forms
mats [106].
Stems are slender and trailing [38,114]; stem
morphology has been
examined in detail [76]. The root system is
variable [6]. Plants have
a network of fine, shallow, fibrous roots, and may possess a taproot
[32,38]. The dichotomously
branched rhizomes possess numerous hairlike
roots [98]. Maximum rooting depths of 2 to 11 inches (5-28 cm) have
been
reported [42,100].
The thick, simple, leaves are obovate, oblong, or elliptic [38,90]. The
green leaves turn purplish in fall [38].
Flowers occur on terminal racemes singly or in groups of up to 15 [90].
Floral morphology has been examined in detail [79].
Fruit is a bright
to dark red, globular berry approximately 0.2 to 0.4 inch (6-10 mm) in
diameter [4,55,106,114]. The four-celled
berries are acidic to sour or
bitter [6,90,106]. Yellow, short-beaked seeds average 0.04 inch (1 mm)
in length [42,106].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Chamaephyte
Geophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Mountain cranberry reproduces through seed and by vegetative means [38].
Seed: In
many areas, seedlings first bear fruit at 3 or 4 years of age
[32,63]. However, British studies suggest that few flowers are
produced
until plants reach 5 to 10 years of age [88]. Flowers are pollinated by
bumblebees and bee flies (syrphid flies) [38,
42]. Plants may be self-
or cross-pollinated, but fruit set is much greater after
cross-pollination [6]. Berries are often
produced in abundance. In
parts of North America, berries average 3 to 15 seeds per berry [43].
Seeds are dispersed by
birds and mammals [38].
Germination: Seed can germinate on bare ground, but only if conditions
are favorable [38].
Fresh seed generally exhibits best germination
[37,38]. Germination declined from an average of 76.5 percent for seed
extracted from fresh fruit and then planted immediately to less than 10
percent for seed stored 12 to 16 months before
planting [38]. In
laboratory tests, good germination was reported after stratification at
32 to 41 degrees F (0-5 degrees C)
for up to 5 months [42,61]. Seeds
typically germinate within 3 weeks after exposure to temperatures of -7
to -4 degrees F
(20-25 degrees C) in light or dark [32,42]. Germination
characteristics of mountain cranberry have been examined in detail
[19,62,63].
Seedling establishment: Seedlings are rarely observed in the field
[42,62,75,102]. In Estonia, seedlings are
generally observed only in
protected areas such as near tree stumps, fallen logs, or stones [71].
Some seedlings do
develop in favorable years in parts of Nova Scotia and
Newfoundland [38].
Seed banking: Seed of mountain cranberry has
been detected in soil
samples [75,106], but seed banking potentials for this species are
unknown. In black spruce (Picea
mariana)-jack pine forests of the
Northwest Territories, seeds of mountain cranberry and bog blueberry
were found in 71
percent of the soil samples tested [50]. Studies near
the Great Slave Lake revealed mountain cranberry and bog blueberry
seed
in 65 percent of the cores sampled. Seed densities averaged 3.3 per
1,000 cc, but only 21 percent were viable.
A second study revealed 4.8
seeds per 1,000 cc, but none of the seeds were viable [38].
Vegetative regeneration:
Vegetative regeneration is of primary
importance in the mountain cranberry [88]. Plants commonly expand
through horizontal
rhizomes [88]. Rhizomes may sprout singly or in
groups of 1 or 2 per square meter [42]. Large, older clones may be
separated into numerous daughter clones by disturbances such as frost,
fire, or burrowing mammals [38,88]. Rhizome
length, depth, and the
location of shoots on the rhizomes are greatly influenced by soil and
other site characteristics [98].
Rhizome depth is inversely related to
the thickness of soil organic layers [98]. Rhizomes grow well in peat
but can also
penetrate to mineral soil. In Britain, rhizomes are
generally confined to the humus layer [38] and are estimated to average
4 to 8 inches (10-20 cm) deep [88]. Smith [98] reported that rhizome
depth in Alberta varied from 8 to 11 inches (19-28 cm). He found that
22.1 percent of the shoots were located terminally and 77.9 percent
arose at midrhizome locations. Rhizome characteristics
as related to
various site characteristics have been examined in detail.
The trailing or creeping stems of mountain cranberry
also root at the
nodes [38,114]. This mode of regeneration may be important on some
harsh, subarctic sites [38].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Mountain cranberry is widely distributed in northern temperate forests
and in many arctic and
alpine communities [38,60,114]. It commonly
grows on exposed sites, such as windswept crags, bare headlands, rocky
ledges, scree, sea cliffs, hilly rocky barrens, and mountain summits
[21,38,81,88,91]. At the southern edge of its range,
mountain cranberry
occurs primarily in bogs, but in the north it grows on both wet and dry
sites [38]. Mountain cranberry
occurs on high moors, heath barrens,
sand dunes, and in peatlands, forest swamps, and bogs [38,41,114]. In
mature f
orests, plants often grow on top of decaying tree stumps [42].
Climate: Mountain cranberry grows under a variety of climatic
regimes.
In much of Canada, it occurs in areas characterized by short cool
summers and long cold winters [38]. In black
spruce-white spruce-jack
pine forests of northern Canada, its distribution may be correlated with
arctic air masses.
However, in harsh rockfield and tussock communities
of the far North, it may be related to the influence of moist Pacific
air
masses [38,60]. In taiga communities of Alaska, winters are long
and cold, but summers are short and hot [110]. Mean
annual
precipitation is 8 inches (21 cm), and average annual temperature is 20
degrees F (-6.7 degrees C) [84]. In parts of
the Northwest Territories,
annual precipitation averages 12 inches (30.4 cm) [68].
Soils: Mountain cranberry grows on
shallow, poorly developed mineral
soil as well as on drained peat [51,88]. Soils are often of low
fertility and have little calcium
but may be high in decaying organics
[42,101]. Mountain cranberry commonly grows on acidic sandy loams or
loamy clays
[42,57]. Holloway and others [45] reported poorest
vegetative growth on sandy soils. Soil pH ranges from 2.7 to 8.2, but
best growth has been reported at 4.0 to 4.9 [38,42,49]. Soils are often
characterized by low base saturation and low lime
content [45]. Soils
may be derived from a variety of parent materials, including sandstone,
gneiss, granite, and glacial
outwash sands and gravel [38].
Elevation: In New England, mountain cranberry is generally restricted
to higher mountains
[55]. In the Northwest Territories, plants often
occur at lower elevations (to 4,950 feet [1,500 m]) [38]. Generalized
elevational ranges by geographic location are as follows:
Location Elevation Authority
Adirondacks up to 5,300 ft
(1,615 m) Keeler 1969
e Canada sea level to 4,250 ft (0-1,290 m) Hall and Shay 1981
AB to 7,400 ft (2,250 m) Hall and Shay 1981
Yukon 6,900 to 7,900 ft (2,100-2,400 m) Hall and Shay 1981
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Mountain cranberry is noted for its wide ecological amplitude [69]. It
is not generally considered
a pioneer species but does occur in early
seral stages in some communities [38,65]. Mountain cranberry persists
indefinitely,
unless shaded out by conifers, and assumes a climax role
in various rockfield communities of the far North [38].
Mountain
cranberry commonly invades tundra bog communities dominated by
species such as alpine sweetgrass (Hierochloe alpina),
lichens
(Alectoria ochroleuca, A. nitidula), and woodrush (Luzula confusa) from
adjacent summit rockfields. Mountain
cranberry also invades senescent
cottongrass tussock communities and areas of frost activity after the
establishment of
initial pioneers. However, on some sites, seral mat
communities made up of mountain cranberry, crowberry, and lichens
eventually give rise to white spruce stands. In barrens of
Newfoundland, mountain cranberry grows as a seral species which
is
displaced by black spruce and balsam fir [38]. It also occurs in some
early seral communities dominated by paper birch
[65].
Black spruce: Mountain cranberry is important in stable climax black
spruce communities but also dominates many
seral stages [34,65,80].
Stands are initially colonized by bryophytes and herbaceous species such
as fireweed and willow
[7,27]. Mountain cranberry generally reaches
stable levels within 25 years after fire or other disturbances [38].
However,
maximum cover and frequency were attained at 144 years in
certain black spruce/mountain cranberry communities [38].
In black
spruce stands in interior Alaska, mountain cranberry is present within 5
to 30 years after disturbance and persists for
many years. It is common
in stands 200 years old or older and represents the most abundant low
shrub in tree-dominated
stages [34]. In black spruce stands of the
Northwest Territories, mountain cranberry remains abundant in 200- to
300-year
-old stands despite the decline of most vascular plants [7].
Chapin and others [14] reported that mountain cranberry
becomes more
prominent as succession progresses from immature black spruce to muskeg.
White spruce: Mountain
cranberry occurs in many climax white spruce
forests on uplands of interior Alaska [65]. It is present during the
moss-herb
stage which occurs 1 to 5 years after fire [27,34]. Mountain
cranberry peaks and declines after the dense tree stage, which
occurs
from 15 to 40-46 years or longer after fire, but remains present in
later stages [34]. Dyrness and others [27] reported
that in interior
Alaska, mountain cranberry was common in 150-year-old white spruce
stands.
Jack pine: In jack pine-lichen
woodlands of the northern Canada,
mountain cranberry is an early colonizer on recently burned sites [13].
It persists after
"the cessation of major successional changes" at 25 to
45 years [13] and remains common in stands up to 280 years of
age [38].
Tundra communities: In sedge-tussock tundra and shrub tundra
communities of Alaska's Seward Peninsula,
bryophytes initially
reestablished burned sites. Bryophytes often reach maximum cover within
2 to 4 years after fire, but the
recovery of shrubs such as mountain
cranberry is often much slower. In shrub-tundra communities, mountain
cranberry may
not recover to prefire levels even by 5 to 6 years after
fire or other disturbance [84,85].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
In Alaska, vegetative buds began growth during the first week of June
and underwent rapid
elongation throughout June. The growth rate of
terminal vegetative buds decreased by July 1. Leaf expansion began
during
the last week of May and the first week of June; all leaves had
expanded within 1 month [42]. Karlsson [52] observed that
old leaves
became photosynthetically active approximately 2 weeks after bud break.
Near Mt. Washington, New Hampshire,
and in parts of Nova Scotia,
vegetative growth began in late June [38,42]. In Britain and perhaps
elsewhere, leaf expansion
can begin as early as March, although it
usually occurs from mid-May to mid-June. Shoot growth generally ends in
mid-July.
Leaves may persist for up to 3 years. However, some old
leaves may be shed by August of the second year [38]. Plants
become
dormant by fall [42].
Flowers develop from buds initiated the previous year [101]. In
interior Alaska, reproductive
bud growth begins in mid-May [42]. In
parts of Britain, two periods of flowering (spring and summer) have been
observed at
certain low-elevation sites [88]. Flowering may last 9 to
18 days [57] or as long as 19 to 27 days. Fruit ripens approximately
78
to 84 days after full bloom [42].
Phenological development may be related to the timing of snowmelt [38].
In interior
Alaska, plants were in maximum full bloom approximately 6
weeks after snowmelt and exhibited first visible signs of growth 2
weeks
after snowmelt. Unusually cool temperatures can delay phenological
development. Roots and rhizomes undergo two
periods of active growth
annually in early spring and fall [42].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Vaccinium vitis-idaea
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Mountain cranberry occurs in a variety of communities across a wide
climatic range. It persists under a regime of relatively frequent fires
but also grows in areas that rarely burn. Black spruce communities are
dependent on frequent fires, and most associated species, including
mountain cranberry, are well adapted to fire [110]. Fires in black
spruce communities of Alaska and northern Canada are commonly lightning
caused and tend to be large [68,110]. Fire frequencies average 80 to
200 years [96,110]. In moister black spruce/mountain cranberry
communities in eastern Canada, fires may occur at 500-year intervals
[35]. Mountain cranberry remains important in jack pine stands that
burn at 20- to 40-year intervals and in Swedish pine forests that burn
every 40 years [13,30].
Fire may be an important factor in treeline communities of the North.
In Siberia, past extensive fires may have destroyed forest communities.
Trees may have been unable to reestablish on these harsh sites under the
current climatic regimes. Low-shrub-dominated tundra communities
composed of species such as mountain cranberry may have eventually
replaced these forest stands [108]. Fire intervals in shrub subzones of
forest-tundra communities have been estimated at 1,460 years [96].
Mountain cranberry continues to be abundant on these infrequently burned
sites.
In many forest communities, mountain cranberry requires fire for its
maintenance [30]. Increases in cover and vigor after fire are commonly
observed [9]. Mountain cranberry generally reestablishes a site through
sprouting from rhizomes and aerial stems. Very limited reestablishment
may occur on exceptional sites in good years by seed transported from
off-site.
FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Small shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
Rhizomatous shrub, rhizome in soil
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Vaccinium vitis-idaea
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT on PLANT :
Underground regenerative structures of mountain cranberry generally survive
light fires [102,115]. Plants often survive even when aerial portions are
consumed by fire [92]. However, plants may be killed by moderate to heavy,
duff-consuming fires [115]. Survival is related to many factors including
soil moisture levels, season of burn, fire severity and intensity, and rhizome
depth [38].
Rhizomes can sometimes survive soil surface temperatures of 820 degrees
F (438 degrees C) [102]. In arctic tussock communities, plants often
survive severe fires which remove all aboveground material [116]. The
heat-sensitive seeds of mountain cranberry are usually destroyed by fire
[115].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Mountain cranberry commonly sprouts from rhizomes or buds located on
surviving portions of aerial stems after fire damages or consumes
aboveground material [115,116]. Sprouting from stumps, or "rootstocks"
has also been reported [13,65]. Reestablishment through seed is
extremely rare [102]. Surviving portions of the aerial stems sprout
within a short time, but rhizome sprouting may be delayed until the
following year [115].
The speed of reestablishment varies according to the season of burn,
site characteristics, and fire intensity and severity. Reestablishment
is generally rapid after light fires [27]; plants are often common on
lightly burned sites [102]. Regeneration may be slow after hot fires
that damage or destroy underground regenerative structures [27,102,111].
In northern spruce communities, intense, stand-destroying, late summer
fires which consume the organic layer [110] can be particularly damaging
to mountain cranberry [65].
on some sites, plants may sprout within months after a light burn and
regain prefire cover within a few years [102]. Mountain cranberry
generally appears within the first 6 years after fire in black
spruce-lichen, jack pine-lichen, and white spruce-birch communities
[38]. Residual survivors were observed at the end of the fifth growing
season in black spruce communities of southeastern Manitoba [16]. In a
severely burned black spruce community of interior Alaska, it became
abundant within 5 years after fire but set little fruit [117]. Viereck
[109] observed slow recovery after fire in a black spruce/feather moss-
lichen community of interior Alaska. Recovery was as follows:
percent cover (1971 fire)
unburned 1972 1975 1980
18 1 1 7
Mountain cranberry was present within 1 to 5 years after fire in white
spruce communities of Alaska [34]. Mountain cranberry is a common early
colonizer in jack pine communities, although reestablishment generally
takes at least several years [13]. In North America, postfire recovery
may be more rapid in moister, eastern boreal forests [68].
Reestablishment of mountain cranberry is often slow in tundra
communities [85]. Plants attained prefire coverage by the end of two
full growing seasons in arctic tussock communities [116]. In
northwestern Alaska, production was still significantly lower on sites
burned 13 years earlier than on unburned sites [33].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
Fire severity: Recovery is typically much more rapid after light fires.
Postfire recovery in Alaska has been documented as follows [111]:
percent cover
1971 1972 1973 1974 control
heavy burn .05 .50 .30 .90 ----
light burn 3.45 3.55 1.65 6.10 20.35
heavy burn 0 .15 .20 .35 6.90
In sedge-shrub tundra on the Seward Peninsula of Alaska, little or no
sprouting was observed within 2 years on severely burned sites where
mountain cranberry was a prefire dominant. After light to moderate
severity burns in sedge-tussock communities, mountain cranberry
sprouted and recovered relatively quickly. Shoot densities increased
significantly on two of the four sites, from 43 shoots per meter square
to 126 per meter square and from 25 per meter square to 43 per meter
square. However, sprouts were generally located on the surface or sides
of tussocks, suggesting that they escaped burning within the tussock
mass [84].
Recovery of mountain cranberry may be relatively slow in many types of
tundra shrub communities. Recovery of mountain cranberry by tundra
community was as follows [84]:
sedge tussock-shrub tundra (burned 1977)
Frequency (no. of plots)* Cover (%)
1973 1978 1979 1973 1978 1979
site 2 10 10 10 6.9 0.8 1.3
site 3 -- 10 10 --- 0.5 0.5
site 4 -- 10 10 --- 0.5 0.5
site 5 -- 9 9 --- 0.5 0.5
*Number of 1-m2 plots in which species occurs (ten plots sampled)
birch and ericaceous shrub tundra (burned 1977)
1973 1978 1979
Cover Cover Cover
_ _ _
Freq.* (x %) Freq.* (x %) Freq.* (x %)
nonfrost boils 10 7 0 0 0 0
frost boils 10 4 0 0 0 0
*Number of 1-m2 quadrats in which species occurs/no. of quadrats on that
site X 10
sedge-shrub tundra (burned 1977)
Prefire (1973) 1 yr after (1978) 2 yrs after (1979)
Freq.* Cover** Freq.* Cover** Dens.*** Freq.* Cover** Dens.***
site 8 10 2.8 3 0.2 2 4 0.2 3
site 9 10 15.5 6 0.3 2 7 0.3 5
* Number of 1-m2 plots in which the species occurs (ten plots sampled)
** Mean percent cover averaged over 10 plots
*** shoots/m2
Postfire frequencies of mountain cranberry 1 year after a summer fire in
sedge tussock-shrub communities of the Seward Peninsula of Alaska were
greatly reduced [119]:
sampling date late May 1978 mid-June 1978
freq. % freq. %
burned 0.23 0.05
unburned 1.00 1.00
See the Research Project Summary of Wright's [119] study for further information.
For information on prescribed fire and postfire responses of many plant
species, including mountain cranberry, see these Research Project Summaries:
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Postfire biomass: Postfire reduction in mountain cranberry production
was as follows after a fire in an arctic tussock community [116]:
mean annual production (g/m sq)
burned unburned
site 1 0.1 5.8
site 2 0.6 7.5
site 3 0.6 1.8
site 4 4.0 9.5
Biomass: Biomass following a late June wildfire in interior Alaska was
measured at 0.04 grams per square meter during postfire year 1, 0.08
grams per square meter during postfire year 2, and 1.4 grams per square
meter during postfire year, compared to a control measurement of 5.1
grams per square meter [108].
Fuels and flammability: Engelmark [30] reported that Vacciniums are
highly flammable due to specific chemical properties. In northern
Sweden, species such as mountain cranberry can serve as ignition points
and as a continuous fuel mat for surface fires. In many black spruce
stands of Alaska and northern Canada, an open, highly flammable,
ericaceous shrub layer can carry a fire [110]. However, Quintilio and
others [82] observed that an extensive mat of mountain cranberry and
alpine bearberry served as an effective fire barrier in a jack pine
stand near Darwin Lake, Alberta. Fire seldom penetrated more than a few
centimeters into the vegetative mat. The extensive ground mat
noticeably reduced the fire spread rate and coverage [82].
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낙엽활엽 관목, 높이 1m 잎은 호생, 난형, 급한 점첨두, 원저 또는 예저, 복세거치연, 표면은 무모, 이면은 맥 위에 잔털 꽃은 5월 연한 홍색 개화, 산형화서 꽃받침은 잔톱니와 잔털이 있음, 꽃잎은 타원형 또는 장란형 열매는 핵과, 7~8월 적색 성숙, 원형 종자는 원형, 길이 12㎜
권영시 비슬산연구소장은 "비슬산 관기봉과 조화봉 사이에 평균 키가 0.5~1m 정도에 달하는 산앵두나무 군락지를 최근 발견했다"고 밝혔다.
그는 "개체 수를 셀 수 없을 만큼 엄청난 양의 산앵두나무 군락지를 찾아냈으며, 산앵두나무는 높은 산에 자생한다지만 이처럼 군락을 이루어 자라는 산은 지금껏 알려지지 않은 유일한 곳"이라고 했다.
권 소장은 "맑은 날씨에 봄볕을 받아 꽃봉오리가 연초록 및 복숭아 색깔과 유사한 발그레한 색을 띠며 개화가 시작되는 종 모양의 장면까지 포착했다"고 덧붙였다. 비슬산의 문화유산과 명소, 산세에 얽힌 설화와 풍광 등을 다루는 한 방송 프로그램의 현지 해설가로 참여하던 중 산앵두나무 군락지를 발견했다는 것이다.
높은 산에서 자라는 산앵두나무는 5~6월에 꽃을 피우고 꽃의 길이는 5~6㎜, 직경은 3~4㎜로 종 모양을 하고 있다. 꽃은 2, 3개가 한꺼번에 가지 끝에 거꾸로 매달리고, 열매는 둥글고 9월에 빨갛게 익는다. 관상용으로 쓰이고 열매는 식용으로도 쓰인다. 과실로 먹으면 새콤하고 햇볕에 말리거나 약으로 쓴다.
패밀리 : 진달래과 학명.외국명 : Vaccinium oldham Miq. (영) Oldham Blue Berry, Cran Berry (이명) 조가리나무
낙엽활엽관목으로 우리나라 원산이며 키 2∼3m정도 자란다. 가지는 무성하며 짙은 갈색이고 어린 가지는 회갈색으로 선모가 있다. 잎은 어긋나기로 달리고 긴 타원형으로 양면 잎맥 위에 털이 있으며 잎자루에도 털이 있으며 길이 3-8cm, 폭 2-4cm이며 어린 잎은 붉은빛이 돌며 양면 맥 위에 털이 있고 표면 맥 위에 털이 있거나 없으며 엽병은 길이 1-2.5cm로서 짧은 털이 있다. 꽃은 6∼7월에 피고 새 가지 끝에 총상으로 달려 처지며 털이 있다.
화관은 종 모양으로 길이 4-5mm이며 홍백색으로 꽃은 털이 있고 끝이 5개로 갈라진다. 열매는 둥글고 지름 6-8mm 정도이며 9월에 흑자색으로 익고 하얀 가루로 덮이며 감미롭고 신맛이 있다. 서양의 블루베리와 같은 과, 같은 속으로 우리나라 블루베리 나무이며 품종개량하여 보급할 가치 있는 나무이다. 정원수나 공원수로 이용하면 좋고 열매는 식용하거나 술과 잼으로 이용한다.
[유사종] 월귤(V. vitis-idaea) : 상록소관목으로 키 5~30cm 정도로 작게 자라며, 잎은 혁질이고 연한 홍색으로 5-6월에 개화한다. 열매는 둥글고 8~9월에 적색으로 성숙한다.
지포나무(var.glaucum Honda) : 잎 뒷면에 흰빛이 돈다.
[생육환경] 양지에서 개화와 결실이 잘 되지만 나무그늘 속에서도 생육이 왕성하다. 내한성과 내건성이 강하고 산성토양을 좋아하며 바닷가에서도 잘 자라나 공해가 심한 도심지에서는 생장이 불량하다.
[번식] 가을에 채취한 종자를 이끼 위에 파종하여 분무하듯 관수하여 발아시키고 여름에 녹지를 꺾꽂이한다.
